Stop focusing solely on lower down puppets like Rockefella and Rothschild and see the real powerhouses way above them. I highlighted one a while ago called Hohenzollern if you remember with a picture of their beautiful looking castle. Please go learn the truth and reality -2tuff

Bernadotte
Bourbon
Braganza
Grimaldi
Grosvenors
Guelph
Habsburg
Hanover
Hozhenzollern
Karadjordjevic
Liechtenstein
Nassau
Oldenburg
Orange
Savoy
Wettin
Wittelsbach
Württemberg
Zogu

Reminder -2tuff

Hohenzollern family





MORE INFORMATION

check out this site,
http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/gotha.htm

*almost spits out drink* I recall seeing a few Hohenzollerns in my family tree...and Savoys.

I'm also descended from de Vere...variations of that name are Vere, Weir, Wear, etc. I heard that's where the term "werewolf" comes from.

For the record, when I think "Merovingian" I think someone descended from Merovee. I do NOT believe that Jesus had ANY descendants at all. That's just another tactic to discredit Him.

I noticed that a lot of my ancestors were in the Crusades fighting for the pope. Can't choose your relatives I guess. :blink:

Watch out folks Alexander is a Black Nobility :ph43r: :rolleyes:

LOL, my G.G.G. Grandfather Herman Friedrich Heinrich Braunschweig/Brunswick, was born in 1862 in Westphalia (Germany), but his papers say he came from
Lubbecke (Germany). I have to do a special inquiry in the private noble records because his birthcertificate is not with any of the commoner's records. Anyhow, my family have always said he was in the Kaiser's guard. His son moved along with his family to America. I'm a first born, of a first born, as far back as I could count so maybe I am entitled to something? There is other very distant nobility on the other sides as well. They may have supported SOME of the crusades (definition of black nobility), because it wasn't until Muslims conquered and enslaved whole regions of Christian territories and many letters were recieved by their eastern brothers that the first crusades were started to liberate them.

(There always has to be a little truth for it to be believable)

Those people aren't all bad! That's great if they do indeed have power, then it can be used for good. However, if you remember everything was destroyed in World War I and World War II. If you want power and you're one of these people, why would you destroy your own Nazi army?

TRUELY, the same bankers of America were the same bankers in Germany that Hitler kicked out. Then we saw Germany prosper because the Bolshevik banksters were removed. The same bolshevik private bankers who controlled the money on both ends held the highest power in the world.

Nearly 50,000,000 WHITE CHRISTIAN CIVILIANS died in actual battles of World War II. http://www.singmind.com/singleminded/data/ww2caslty.htm

However, the deaths AFTER the war from starvation and "ethnic cleansings" may even be the highest number of European Deaths.

Eisenhower's famous confirmed Holocaust, was just a drop in the bucket - his Slaughter Of 1.7 Million germans during a time of peace. (3 Million germans starved to death in the US sector(s) in the 2 winters after the fall of Berlin.) Most Judaised Americans are proud of that fact of murdering these innocent prisoners through a slow tortureous death.
Another 10-12 million germans starved under the jew-orchestrated Morgenthau Plan.

While European Civilians starved to death after the war, the Canadian-U.S. relief program swung into action in other parts of the world. Former U.S. president Herbert Hoover, then chief food adviser to president Harry Truman, flew around the world assessing need and supply. They solved all world hunger & supply problems, except for those in Europe.

A comparison of the German censuses of 1946 and 1950 show the effect of the food shortages. The 1950 census showed 5.7 million people fewer than there should have been according to the number of people recorded in the 1946 census, minus officially reported deaths, plus births and "immigrants" (people expelled from the east and returning prisoners) in the period from 1946 to 1950.

The Western powers were silent during the 1947 ethnic cleansing of Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 million German refugees and an estimated 2-3 million deaths of innocent germans during this forced evacuation in that area event alone!

All of this for wanting out of the jewish banking system. Well it helped Germany's economy in the begining, but long term it proved to be a forbidden option by the ruling Zionist World Banking Cartel.

Spread the word about the TRUE HOLOCAUST of WWII, Nearly 100 Million Innocent Christians Brutally MURDERED!

Perhaps this will stir interesting dialog.

Regarding the Hollezerns, the Last Emperor of Prussia: Kaiser Wilhelm was chased out to Holland during world war I and never was able to return.

Read more about the SUCCESSORS OF ROME http://www.friesian.com/francia.htm

If you want to know it well it is best not to skim over it. This is a lot of data I know.

GERMAN EMPIRE BACKGROUND:

WARNING: These PRO-GERMAN EMPIRE FACTS and are "politically in-correct" by today's standards, but back then it was a good thing and it still is.

The Holy Roman Empire Ruled Entirely by German Kings stretched from 962 to 1806, when it was then defeated by Napoleon. In theory, the Holy Roman Empire (the word "Holy" was added during the 12th century) reflected two important medieval values: the unity of all Christians, or at least all Western Christians, in a single state as the civil counterpart to the One Holy Catholic Church; and a concept of hierarchical political organization that called for one ultimate head over all existing states.

Wilhelm I, German Emperor, King of Prussia (1797-1888) and Otto Von Bismarck weren't of an entirely new order, but were still a part of the previous. It was "reunified" in 1870 with Otto von Bismarck as its prime minister.

He reunified all of Germany in a series of three wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870–1871). On Jan. 18, 1871, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed German emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. His North German Confederation, created in 1867, was abolished, and the Second German Reich, consisting of the North and South German states, was born. With a powerful army, an efficient bureaucracy, and a loyal bourgeoisie, Chancellor Bismarck consolidated a powerful centralized theocratic state.

In 1806 Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Europe and abolished the German empire and the title of Kaiser for Germany (capital: Vienna Wien. The Kaiser in Wien became Kaiser of Austria with no power in the rest of Germany. The titles of elector Kurfürst became meaningless and was abolished and changed to Kings of Bohemia, Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Wuerttemberg, and Hannover by Napoleon's grace. The archbishops and Catholic Church lost all their secular power after 1803.

After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 the kingdom of Prussia became known as "Die Vereinigten Preussischen Staaten" (United Prussian States) including provinces like Schlesien/Silesia, Brandenburg, Pommern/Pomerania and areas as far west as the Rhine province. Berlin now became the Prussian capital. Until 1806 the Hohenzollern Sovereign (Royal Genealogy) had had many titles and hats from Head of the Evangelic Church to King, Elector, or Grand Duke for the various regions and realms under his rule. After 1806 he simply was King of Prussia. Terms like German government or German army has no meaning for this time period until 1871.

In 1871 Germany as an empire with a Kaiser was re-established with Berlin as the capital of Germany and Prussia and with the Prussian king also having the title of German Kaiser. In 1890, the population was 47% Evangelical, 50.7% Catholic, and 1.3% Jewish.

All monarchies in Germany were abolished in 1918 and Prussia was declared defunct in 1945 by the allied victors. The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia. The Western powers were silent during the 1947 ethnic cleansing of Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and an estimated 2-3 million deaths of innocent Germans during this forced evacuation.

You can say they "were" a big powerplayer, but since the Hohenzollern were toppled in WWI and WWII, to my knowledge they dont have anything to do with power.

On The Order of Jesuits article:

On July 21, 1773, the Pope had abolished the order of Jesuits but Frederick II of Prussia encouraged and protected them with a view no doubt of using their political knowledge and skill against the Bourbons, the Hapsburgs and the Pope.

The well‑known authority on theocratic organizations, Heckethorn, writes the following concerning the Jesuits: "There is considerable analogy between Masonic and Jesuitic degrees; and the Jesuits also tread down the shoe and bare the knee, because Ignatius Loyola thus presented himself at Rome and asked for the confirmation of the order.

Not satisfied with confession, preaching, and instruction, whereby they had acquired unexampled influence, they formed in Italy and France, in 1563, several 'Congregations,' i.e. clandestine meetings held in subterranean chapels and other secret places. the Congregationists had a sectarian organization, with appropriate catechisms and manuals, which had to be given up before death, wherefore very few copies remain. (Heckethorn, Secret Societies of all Ages and Countries, Vol. II, p. 296)

Hahaha. :P :lol:

I bet the smallest room in the Vatican is bigger than my 2-br apartment. :D For "nobility" I'm sure living like a peasant.

I'm slumming! Yeah, that's the ticket! :lol:

You know, it's really fun putting royals' info into a family tree maker program. I can't tell you how many times I realized I saw that person while doing another branch...or the computer asks if So-and-So son of Joe Blow is So-and-So husband of Jane Doe....

My program has a Kinship Report. You can run a report and it'll give all your relatives and all the ways you're related to them. I have over 9000 on my tree so far. Running a kinship report, the computer would probably take a couple of DAYS to format it (if I have choose myself). This one Pictish guy I found out was my 43rd-50th grandfather. With all the intermarrying and everything...you have a list a mile long of all the ways you're related to ONE person!

My maternal grandparents were 28th cousins through the Corbet line, and I found out that they were both descended from Henry III, each through one of his daughters. To my knowledge I'm not descended from the Stuarts or Tudors (just distantly related), just from the Plantagenets.

I went into hand-slap-forehead mode when I saw that I'm distantly related to Erzsebet Bathory...our common ancestor was King Bela IV of Hungary. :ph43r:

But surely Rockefeller and Rothschild have far more power (money) than most of the 'royals' in that list?

Otto von Habsburg is a founder of PINAY CIRCLE

Member of OPUS DEI, SOVEREIGN MILITARY OF MALTA and P2 LODGE

Along with Priory of Sion, Pelerin Society, European Council of Princes & Ordo Draconis

How about that de Vere line? That's a Plantagenet ancestor.

The earliest de Vere I can find so far is Raymond de Vere, born around 730. His wife was of Pictish ancestry.

His son Milo (Miles) was married to Charlemagne's half-sister, so his father-in-law was Pepin, who was descended from Merovee.

I've been surfing and some people think that Antichrist will come from the de Vere line. That may very well be. Today's royals are descendants of that line.

Vittorio Emanuele IV

(Victor Emmanuel)

Prince of Naples



On October 23, 2002, the provision in the Italian constitution that barred the male descendants of the house of Savoy from setting foot in the Italian Republic was abolished, permitting Victor Emmanuel to re-enter the country after November 10 of that year. On his first trip home in over half a century, he and the princess of Naples, and their son, had a 20-minute audience with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican. Victor Emmanuel told the press that the audience with the supreme pontiff was "very important" to their family and that "it [was] almost a page in history."

Sovereign Military Of Malta (Bailiff Grand Cross)
P2
Order of SS Maurice and Lazarus
Supreme Order of the Annunciation
Civil Order of Savoy
Order of Merit of Savoy.
Constantinian Order of St George
Order of Saint Andrew
Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
Order of the White Eagle
Order of Saint Anne
Order of Saint Stanislas
Knight of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece
Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

"King of Jerusalem"

Not true..

wilhelm escaped to holland after wwI, took temporary refuge in the city of Amerongen
, denounced his royal title, and went to live in Doorn (huis te doorn) untill his death in 1941.

woops misread 'out to' as "out of".. sorry bout that :)

Sicilian Count Mariano Rampolla. This right-hand man of Pope Leo XIII was Jesuit-trained, OTO, a high Knight of Malta, groomed to be Pope, and one of the key men in the Holy Office of the Inquisition. His election to the Papacy was frustrated in 1903 by a Polish Cardinal, exercising "the veto," who was loyal to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary. The veto was immediately done away with after the "election" of Pius X and Rampolla's defeat, Franz Ferdinand was murdered in 1914 and the Habsburg dynasty ended in 1918---all for crossing the Black Pope's Rampolla.

Eric Phelps

WHO ARE THE BLACK NOBILITY?

by Dee Jay
Posted at 10:44 p.m. Wednesday June 28, 2000
http://reactor-core.org/black-nobility.html


The "Black Nobility" are/were the oligarchic families of Venice and Genoa, Italy, who in the 12th century held the privileged trading rights (monopolies). The first of three crusades, from 1063 to 1123, established the power of the Venetian Black Nobility and solidified the power of the wealthy ruling class. The Black Nobility aristocracy achieved complete control over Venice in 1171, when the appointment of the Doge was transferred to what was known as the Great Council, which consisted of members of the commercial aristocracy (among them the infamous de'Medici family). Venice has remained in their hands ever since, but the power and influence of the Venetian Black Nobility extends far beyond its borders, and today it is felt in every corner of the globe. (Don't forget, our modern banking system originated in Italy.)

In 1204 the oligarchic family parcelled out feudal enclaves to their members, and from this epoch dates the great building-up of power and pressure until the government became a closed corporation (don't we know this from somewhere?) of the leading Black Nobility families. More of this can be found in the works of Dr. John Coleman, Black Nobility Unmasked World-wide, 1985; Conspirators' Hierarchy: The Story of the Committee of 300, 1992. Question: the Christopher Columbus story is a concoction. How about the Marco Polo stories? Anyone?

The Black Nobility earned its title through dirty tricks, so when the population revolted against the monopolies in government, as anywhere else (aren't we), the leaders of the uprising were quickly seized and brutally hanged. The Black Nobility uses secret assassinations, murder, blackmail, the bankrupting of opposing citizens or companies, kidnapping, rape and so on… hence their name. Who are these families today? Well, the most important ones are: House of Guelph, Britain (the most important one); House of Wettin, Belgium; House of Bernadotte, Sweden; House of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein; House of Oldenburg, Denmark; House of Hohenzollern, Germany; House of Hanover, Germany (the second most important one); House of Bourbon, France; House of Orange, Netherlands; House of Grimaldi, Monaco; House of Wittelsbach, Germany; House of Braganza, Portugal; House of Nassau, Luxembourg; House of Habsburg, Austria; House of Savoy, Italy; House of Karadjordjevic, Yugoslavia (former); House of Württemberg, Germany; House of Zogu, Albania; and all the families you will find on the Windsor family tree.

All the families listed are connected with the House of Guelph, one of the original Black Nobility families of Venice, from which the House of Windsor and thus the present Queen of England, Elizabeth II, descends. The Guelphs are so intertwined with the German aristocracy through the House of Hanover that it would take several pages to mention all their connections. All (almost) European royal houses originate from the House of Hanover and thus from the House of Guelph — the Black Nobility. An example: the Hanoverian British King George I came from the Duchy of Luneburg, a part of Northern Germany, which had been governed by the Guelph family since the 12th century. Today the Guelphs (the Windsors) rule by dominating the raw materials market, and for years they have fixed the price of gold (a commodity they neither produce nor own). The House of Windsor also controls the price of copper, zinc, lead and tin. It is no accident that the principle commodity exchanges are located in London, England. Companies run by Black Nobility families are British Petroleum, Oppenheimer, Lonrho, Philbro and many many more.

Another Black Nobility family are the Grosvenors in England. For centuries this family lived, as most of the European families, on ground rent. Today the family owns at least 300 acres of land in the centre of London. The land is never sold, but leased on a 39 year leasehold agreement — the ground rent of the middle ages. Grosvenor Square, in which the American Embassy is located, belongs to the Grosvenor family, as does Eaton Square. In Eaton Square apartments are rented out at 25,000 to 75,000 pounds a month (and that does not include maintenance costs). This is to give you an idea of the immense wealth the Black Nobility families garner from ground rents, and why families like the Windsors are not at all interested in industrial progress along with the excess population it supports. This is the main reason why these 'noble' families are behind most, if not all, of the wrong-headed pro-environmental movements of the world that ultimately and covertly (of course) aim to curb population growth. Prince Philip and Prince Charles are the most visible symbols of these movements, and both have often spoken with the utmost callousness about the need to rid the world of unwanted people.

The Black Nobility are the founders of the secret society of our day from which all the others that are connected to the Illuminati originated from — the Committee of 300. The Club of Rome, the C.F.R., the R.I.I.A., the Bilderbergers, the Round Table… all originate from the Committee of 300 and therefore from the European Black Nobility families. Co-operating with the European Black Nobility are American families like the Harrimans and the McGeorge Bundys. The House of Hanover seems to be German, but is Jewish. So is the House of Habsburg. So it wasn't really the Germans who took over the British throne.

THE GROSVENORS OF EATON






Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster

Has David Icke, Alex Jones and other Temporal Coadjutors
mentioned this man and his family? NO

http://www.geh.co.uk/
http://www.grosvenor-westminster.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Searc...rosvenors&go=Go
http://www.charles-patricia-lester.co.uk/p...mond-tiara.html
http://army.ca//inf/rwinr.php

Heres the head start folks so now I hope you start your research on this most powerful family who are part of the infamous

B L A C K - N O B I L I T Y

The Grosvenors are no where near the most powerful of the Black Nobility which resides in Italy (what a shock).

2tuff 9/3/6

THE SCOTTISH ROYAL LINEAGE

THE HOUSE OF GUELPH

GEORGE I (the first of the HOUSE OF GUELPH), King of Great Britain, etc., b Georg Ludwig, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, at Osnaburg, 28 May, 1660, s his father as Duke of Hanover and Elector, 23 Jan.1697-8, Duke of Zell, 1705, Duke of Bremen and Verden, 1719, (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD Vol. 1), naturalized English subject, 1705, s. his first cousin once removed, Queen Anne, 1 August, 1714, crowned 20 Oct. 1714, m 21 Nov. 1682, his 1st cousin Princess Sophia Dorothea (b at Zell, 3 Feb. 1666, div. 28 Dec. 1694, and d at Ahlden, 13 Nov. 1726, uncrowned, bur at Zell), only surviving dau. of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Zell, and had issue,

1a GEORGE AUGUSTUS, Prince of Wales, afterwards King.

1a Sophia Dorothea, b 16 March, 1685, m 28 Nov. 1706, Frederick William I, King of Prussia, and d 29 June, 1757, having had issue, seven sons and eight daus. (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d. 31 May, 1740.

George I also had several illegitimate children,

1a Petronelle Melusine, b ca 1693, m 1733 Philip Dormer (Stanhope), Earl of Chesterfield (d 24 March 1773), (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1967 Edn., CHESTERFIELD & STANHOPE, E), and d.s.p. 16 Sept. 1778.

2a Margaret Gertrude, b 1703, m Count von Lippe, and d 11 Nov. 1773.

George I d at Osnaburg, 11 June, 1727 (bur at Hanover), and was s by his only son,

GEORGE II, King of Great Britain, etc., b George August, Duke of Brunswick Luneburg, at Hanover, 30 Oct. 1683, Kurprinz of Hanover, 23 Jan. 1697-8, naturalized an English subject, 1705), Duke and Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton, and Baron Tewkesbury, 1706, Duke of Cornwall, 1 Aug. 1714, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 27 Sept. 1716, s his father as King of Great Britain and Duke of Hanover and Elector, 11 June, 1727, Crowned 11 Oct. 1727, m 22 Aug. 1705 Princess Wilhelmina Charlotte CAROLINE (b at Anspach, 1 March, 1682, d at St. James's, 20 Nov 1737, bur at Westminster Abbey), dau. of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach, and had issue,

1a FREDERICK LEWIS, Prince of Wales, b Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, at Hanover, 20 Jan. 1707, Duke of Gloucester, 1717, Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon, 1726, Duke of Cornwall, etc., and Kurprinz of Hanover, 11 June, 1729, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 8 Jan. 1729, m. 27 April, 1736, Princess Augusta (b 30 Nov. 1719, d 8 Feb. 1772), yst. dau. of Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, and d.v.p. 20 March,1751, leaving issue,

1b GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, Prince of Wales, afterwards King.

2b Edward Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster, K.G., b 14 March, 1739, d unm 17 Sept. 1767.

3b William Henry, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Earl of Connaught, b 14 Nov. 1743, m 6 Sept. 1766, Maria (d 22 Aug. 1807), widow of James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, K.G., and illegitimate dau. of Hon. Sir Edward Walpole (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn, WALPOLE, B.), and d 25 Aug. 1805, having had issue,

1c William Frederick, 2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, etc., K.G., Field Marshal, b 15 Jan 1776, m 22 July 1816, his first cousin, Princess Mary (d 30 April, 1857), 4th dau. of GEORGE III, and d.s.p. 30 Nov. 1834.

1c Sophia Matilda, Ranger of Greenwich Park, b 29 May, 1773, d unm 29 Nov. 1844.

2c Caroline Augusta Maria, b 24 June, 1774, d 14 March, 1775.

4b Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, Earl of Dublin, K.G., Admiral of the White, b 27 Oct. 1745, m 2 Oct. 1771, Hon. Anne (d. 28 Dec. 1808), widow of Christopher Horton, of Catton Hall, Derbyshire, and dau. of Simon Luttrell, 1st Earl of Carhampton (extinct 1829), and d.s.p.l. 18 Sept. 1790.

5b Frederick William, b13 May, 1750, d 29 Dec. 1765.

1b Augusta, b 31 July, 1737, m 17 Jan. 1764, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, and d 23 March, 1813, having had issue, four sons and three daus. (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d. of wounds received at the Battle of Jena, 10 Nov. 1806.

2b Elizabeth Caroline, b 30 Dec. 1740, d 4 Sept. 1759.

3b Louisa Ann, b 8 March, 1748-49, d 13 May, 1768.

4b Caroline Matilda, b posthumously, 11 July, 1751, m 1 Oct. 1766, her 1st cousin, Christian VII, King of Denmark and Norway, and d 10 May, 1775, having had issue, two sons and one dau. (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 13 March, 1808.

2a George William, b 3 Nov. 1717, d 6 Feb. 1718.

3a William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, Marquess of Berkhampstead, Earl of Kennington, Viscount Trematon and Baron Alderney, K.G. , Field Marshal, and C-in-C cmd'd. the Army at Fontenoy and Culloden, b 15 April, 1721, d unm 31 Oct 1765.

1a Anne (Princess Royal), b 2 Nov. 1709, m 25 March, 1734, William IV, Charles Henry Friso, Prince of Orange and Nassau-Dietz, and d 12 Jan 1759, leaving issue, one son and one dau. (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 22 Oct. 1751.

2a Amelia Sophia Eleanor, b 10 June, 1711, d unm 31 Oct. 1786.

3a Caroline Elizabeth, b 10 June, 1713, d unm 28 Dec. 1757.

4a Mary, b 22 Feb. 1723, m as his 1st wife, 8 May, 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, K.G., and d 14 Jan. 1772, having had issue, four sons (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 30 Oct. 1785.

5a Louisa, b 7 Dec. 1724, m 30 Oct. 1743, as his 1st wife, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway, and d 8 Dec. 1751, having had issue, two sons and two daus. (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 14 Jan. 1766.

George II d at Kensington Palace, 25 Oct. 1760 (bur at Westminster Abbey), and was s by his grandson,

GEORGE III, William Frederick, King of Great Britain and Ireland, b at Norfolk House, Westminster, 4 June, 1738, s his father as Duke of Cornwall, 2nd Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, and Kurprinz of Hanover, 20 March, 1751, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 20 April, 1751, s his grandfather as King of Great Britain and Duke of Hanover and Elector, 25 Oct. 1760, Sovereign Prince of Osnaburg and Munster, 1803, King of Hanover and Sovereign Prince of East Friesland, 1814, crowned 22 Sept. 1761, m 8 Sept. 1761, Princess Sophia Charlotte (b at Mirow, 19 May, 1744, d at Kew Palace, 17 Nov. 1818, bur at Windsor), yst. dau. of Charles I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD Vol. 1), and had issue,

1a GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, Prince of Wales, afterwards King.

2a Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster, K.G., Prince and Bishop of Osnaburg (1764-1803), Field Marshal and C-in-C, b 16 Aug. 1763, m 29 Sept. 1791, Princess Frederica Charlotte Ulrica Catherine (d 6 Aug.1820), dau. of Frederick William II, King of Prussia, and d.s.p. 5 Jan. 1827.

3a WILLIAM HENRY, Duke of Clarence, afterwards King.

4a Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Earl of Dublin, K.G., Field Marshal, b 2 Nov. 1767, m 20 May, 1818 Princess Victoria Mary Louise (d 16 March, 1861), widow of Emich Charles, Reigning Prince of Leiningen, and dau. of Francis Frederick Antony, Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, and d 23 Jan. 1820, leaving issue, an only child,

1b ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA, afterwards Queen.

5a ERNEST AUGUSTUS, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and King of Hanover, 1st Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Earl of Armagh, K.G., Field Marshal, b 5 June, 1771, s his brother, William IV, as King of Hanover, 20 June, 1837, m 29 May, 1815, Princess Frederica Sophia Charlotte Alexandrina (d 29 June, 1841), widow of (1) Prince Frederick Louis Charles of Prussia, and (2) Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels, and 3rd dau. of Charles Louis Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-­Strelitz (see BURKE's ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD Vol. 1), and d 18 Nov. 1851, leaving issue (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1).

6a Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Arklow, K.G., b 27 Jan. 1773, m at Rome, 4 April, 1793, and at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, 5 Dec. 1793 (annulled by the Prerogative Court, Aug. 1794, as contracted in violation of The Royal Marriage Act, 1772), Lady Augusta Murray, afterwards D'AMELAND (assumed by Royal Licence, 1506) (d 5 March, 1830), 2nd dau. of John, 4th Earl of Dunmore. He went through a form of marriage (in violation of The Royal Marriage Act, 1772), ca 2 May, 1831, with Lady Cecilia Letitia Buggin, afterwards UNDERWOOD (surname assumed by Royal Licence, 2 May, 1831), cr. Duchess of Inverness (1840) (d 1 Aug. 1873), widow of Sir George Buggin, Kt., and eldest dau. of Arthur Saunders, 2nd Earl of Arran, K.P., by his 3rd wife Elizabeth, dau. of Richard Underwood, and d.s.p.l. 21 April, 1843.

7a Adolphus Frederick, 1st Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden, K.G., Field Marshal, Viceroy of Hanover 1816-37, b 24 Feb. 1774, m at Cassel, 7 May and at Buckingham Palace, 1 June, 1818, Princess Augusta Wilhelmina Louise (d 6 April. 1889), 3rd dau. of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d 8 July, 1850, leaving issue,

1b George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, etc., KG., Field Marshal and C-in-C 1856-95, b at Hanover, 26 March, 1819, went through a form of marriage in violation of The Royal Marriage Act, 1772, 8 Jan. 1847, with Sarah (Louisa) Fairbrother (Mrs Fitz-George) (d 12 Jan. 1890), and d.s.p.l. 7. 17 March, 1904.

1b Augusta Caroline Charlotte Elizabeth Mary Sophia Louisa, b 18 July, 1822, m 28 June, 1843, Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, K.G., and d 4 Dec.1916, having had issue, two sons (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 30 May, 1904.

2b Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth, b 27 Nov. 1833, m 12 June, 1866, Francis Paul Charles Louis Alexander, Prince and Duke of Teck, Major-Gen. (b 27 Aug. 1837, d 21 Jan.1900), only son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg, by his morganatic wife Claudine, Countess Rhedey (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d 27 Oct. 1897, leaving issue,

1c Adolphus Charles Alexander Albert Edward George Philip Louis Ladislas, Duke of Teck, cr MARQUESS of CAMBRIDGE, (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1970 Edn).

2c Francis Joseph Leopold Frederick, Prince of Teck, Major 1st Dragoons, served in S. Africa 1899-1900, b 9 Jan. 1870, d unm 22 Oct. 1910.

3c Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George, Prince of Teck, K.G., created EARL of ATHLONE, (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1956 Edn.).

1c Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes, Princess of Teck (H.M. QUEEN MARY), b 26 May, 1867, m 6 July, 1893, H.M. KING GEORGE V, and d 24 March, 1953, having had issue (see below). He d. 20 Jan.1936.

8a Octavius, b 23 Feb. 1779, d 3 May, 1783.

9a Alfred, b 22 Sept. 1780, d 20 Aug. 1782.

1a Charlotte Augusta Matilda (Princess Royal), b 29 Sept. 1766, m 18 May, 1797, Frederick I, King of Württemberg, and d.s.p. 6 Oct. 1828 (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1). He d 30 Oct. 1816.

2a Augusta Sophia, b 8 Nov. 1768, d unm 22 Sept. 1840.

3a Elizabeth, b 22 May, 1770, m 7 April, 1818, Frederick Joseph Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d.s.p. 10 Jan. 1840. He d 2 April, 1829.

4a Mary, b 25 April, 1776, m 22 July, 1816, her first cousin, William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester (see above) and d.s.p. 30 April, 1857. He d 30 Nov. 1834.

5a Sophia, b 3 Nov. 1777, d unm 27 May, 1848.

6a Amelia, b 7 Aug. 1783, d unm 2 Nov. 1810.

George III d at Windsor, 29 Jan. 1820 (bur there) and was s by his eldest son,

GEORGE IV, Augustus Frederick, King of Great Britain and Ireland, b at St. James's Palace, 12 Aug.1762, Duke of Cornwall etc., and Kurprinz of Hanover at birth, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 17 Aug.1762, Regent of the Duchy of Brunswick, 1806, Prince Regent of the United Kingdom, 5 Feb. 1811, Crown Prince of Hanover, 1814, s his father as King of Great Britain, etc., and King of Hanover, 29 Jan. 1820, Crowned 10 July, 1821, m at St. James's Palace, 8 April, 1795, his first cousin, Princess Caroline Amelia Elizabeth (b at Brunswick, 1768, d at Hammersmith, 7 Aug. 1821, uncrowned, bur at Brunswick), 2nd dau. of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wölfenbuttel, by his wife Princess Augusta of Wales (see above), and had issue, an only dau.,

1a Charlotte Augusta, b 7 Jan. 1796, m 2 May, 1816, Prince Leopold George Frederick of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, 3rd son of Francis Antony Frederick, Reigning Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, and d.v.p. after giving birth to a stillborn son, 6 Nov. 1817. Prince Leopold was elected King of the Belgians, 4 June, 1831 (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and m 2ndly, 9 Aug. 1832, Princess Louise Marie Thérèse (d 11 Oct. 1850), dau. of Louis Philippe, King of the French. He d 10 Dec. 1865, leaving issue.

George IV also had an illegitimate son,

1a George Seymour Crole, Ensign 21st Dragoons (1817), Lieut. 11th Dragoons (1820), ADC to Marquess of Hastings Gov. of Bengal, and subsequently Earl Amherst, Capt. 41st Foot (1823), Major (1826), b 23 Aug. 1799, educ RMC Sandhurst, d unm 13 June 1863.

George IV d at Windsor, 26 June, 1830 (bur there), and was s by his brother,

WILLIAM IV Henry, King of Great Britain and Ireland, b at Buckingham Palace, 21 Aug. 1765, Duke of Clarence and St. Andrews, and Earl of Munster, 20 May, 1789, Admiral of the Fleet, 1811, Lord High Admiral, s. his brother as King of Great Britain, etc., and King of Hanover, 26 June, 1830, Crowned 8 Sept.1831, m at Kew Palace, 11 July, 1818, Princess Adelaide Louisa Theresa Caroline Amelia (b at Meiningen, 14 Aug. 1792, d at Sadbury Park, 2 Dec. 1849, bur at Windsor), eldest dau. of George I, Reigning Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and had issue,

1a Charlotte Augusta Louisa, b and d 21 March, 1819.

2a Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide, b 10 Dec. 1820, d 4 March, 1821.

William IV also had numerous illegitimate issue,

1a William Henry Courtenay, Midshipman RN, drowned at sea 1807 in the Indian Ocean.

2a George Augustus Frederick Fitz-Clarence, 1st Earl of Munster, b 16 Jan. 1794, m 18 Oct. 1819 Mary Wyndham, illegitimate dau. of George, 3rd Earl of Egremont, and had issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn.). He committed suicide 20 March 1842.

3a Henry Edward Fitz-Clarence, b 27 March 1795, d unm Sept. 1817.

4a Frederick Fitz-Clarence, GCH, b. 9 Dec. 1799, m 19 May 1821 Lady Augusta Boyle (d 28 July 1876), dau. of 4th Earl of Glasgow (see that family), and d 30 Oct. 1854, leaving issue a dau.

5a Adolphus Fitz-Clarence, GCH, Rear-Adm., b 18 Feb.1802, d unm 17 May 1856.

6a Augustus Fitz-Clarence (Rev.), b 1 March 1805, m 2 Jan. 1845 Sarah Elizabeth Catherine (d 23 March 1901), eldest dau. of Lord Henry Gordon (see GORDON, Marquesses of Huntly), and d 14 June 1854, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn., MUNSTER, E.).

1a Sophia Fitz-Clarence, b Aug. 1796, m 13 Aug. 1835 1st Baron De L’Isle, and d 10 April 1837, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn., L’ISLE, V.).

2a Mary Fitz-Clarence, b 19 Dec. 1798, m 19 June 1824 Gen. Charles Richard Fox, MP, illegitimate son of 3rd Baron Holland (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn., ILCHESTER, E.).

3a Elizabeth Fitz-Clarence, b 17 Jan. 1801, m 4 Dec. 1820 18th Earl of Erroll (see that family), and d 16 Jan. 1856, leaving issue.

4a Augusta Fitz-Clarence, b 17 Nov. 1803, m 1stly 5 July 1827 Hon. John Kennedy-Erskine, 2nd son of 1st Marquess of Ailsa and had issue (see that family), he m 2ndly 24 Aug. 1836 Lord John Frederick Gordon-Halyburton, 3rd son of 9th Marquess of Huntly (see that family), and d 8 Dec. 1865.

5a Amelia Fitz-Clarence, b 21 March 1807, m 27 Dec. 1830 10th Viscount Falkland and d 2 July 1858, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn.).

William IV d at Windsor, 20 June, 1837 (bur there), and was s by his niece,

VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, b at Kensington Palace, 24 May, 1819 s her uncle as Queen of Great Britain, etc., 20 June, 1837, crowned 28 June, 1838, proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi, 1 Jan. 1877, m at St. James's Palace, 10 Feb. 1840, H.R.H. Francis ALBERT Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, cr PRINCE CONSORT by Letters Patent, under the Great Seal, 25 June, 1857, K.G., Field-Marshal (2nd son of Ernest I, Reigning Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1)), b at Rosenau, nr. Coburg, 26 Aug. 1819, d at Windsor, 14 Dec. 1861 (bur at Frogmore). They had issue,

1a ALBERT EDWARD, Prince of Wales, afterwards King.

2a Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, s his uncle, Duke Ernst II, 22 Aug. 1893, Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Kent and Earl of Ulster, K.G., Admiral of the Fleet, b 6 Aug. 1844, m 23 Jan. 1874, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna (d 25 Oct.1920), only dau. of Alexander II, Emperor of all the Russias (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d 30 July, 1900, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1900 Edn), when he was s in Saxe-­Coburg and Gotha by his nephew, Charles Edward, 2nd Duke of Albany (see below)).

3a Arthur William Patrick, 1st Duke of Connaught & Strathearn and Earl of Sussex, KG, Field Marshal, Gov-Gen of Canada 1911-16, b 1 May 1850, m 13 March 1879 Princess Louise Margarety Alexandra Victoria Agnes (d 14 March 1917), 3rd dau. of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1) and d 16 Jan 1942, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1940 Edn.).

4a Leopold George Duncan Albert, 1st Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow, K.G., Col. in the Army, b 7 April, 1853, m 27 April, 1882, Princess Helen Frederica Augusta (d 1 Sept. 1922), dau. of George Victor, Reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d 28 March, 1884, leaving issue (see BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1917 Edn.).

1a Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa (Princess Royal), b 21 Nov. 1840, m 25 Jan. 1858, Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia, K.G. (d 15 June, 1888), and d 5 Aug. 1901, leaving issue (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1).

2a Alice Maud Mary, b 25 April, 1843, m 1 July, 1862, H.R.H. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, K.G. (d 13 March, 1892), and d 14 Dec. 1878, having had issue (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1 and BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn, MILFORD HAVEN, M).

3a Helena Augusta Victoria, b 25 May, 1846, m. 5 July, 1866, Prince (Frederick) Christian (Charles Augustus) of Schleswig-Holstein, K.G. (d 28 Oct.1917), and d 9 June, 1923, having had issue (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1).

4a Louise Caroline Alberta, b.18 March, 1848, m at Windsor Castle, 21 March, 1871, 9th Duke of Argyll, KG (see that family), and d.s.p. 3 Dec.1939. He d 2 May, 1914.

5a Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, b 14 April, 1857, m. 23 July, 1885, Prince Henry Maurice of Battenberg, K.G. (d at sea, 20 Jan. 1896, from fever contracted in the Ashanti Expedition), and d 26 Oct.1944, having had issue (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1 HESSE and BURKE’s PEERAGE & BARONETAGE 1999 Edn, MILFORD HAVEN, M)),

Victoria d at Osborne, 22 Jan.1901 (bur at Frogmore), and was s by her eldest son,

EDWARD VII, Albert, styled "By The Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India", b at Buckingham Palace, 9 Nov. 1841, Duke of Cornwall, etc., at birth, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, 8 Dec. 1841, Earl of Dublin, 17 Jan. 1850, s his mother as King of Great Britain, etc., and Emperor of India, 22 Jan.1901, crowned 9 Aug.1902, m at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 10 March, 1863, Princess ALEXANDRA Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julie, K.G. (b at Copenhagen, 1 Dec.1844, d at Sandringham, 20 Nov.1925, bur. at Windsor), eldest dau. of Christian IX, King of Denmark (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and had issue,

1a Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, and Earl of Athlone, K.G., b 8 Jan. 1864, d.v.p. unm 14 Jan. 1892.

2a GEORGE FREDERICK ERNEST ALBERT, Prince of Wales, afterwards King.

3a Alexander John Charles Albert, b 6 April, d 7 April, 1871.

1a Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar (Princess Royal), b 20 Feb. 1867, m 27 July, 1889, Alexander William George, 1st Duke of Fife, K.G. (see that title), and d 4 Jan.1931, leaving issue.

2a Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, b 6 July, 1868, d unm 3 Dec.1935.

3a Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria, b 26 Nov. 1869, m 22 July, 1896, her first cousin, Prince Christian Frederick Charles George Valdemar Axel of Denmark, K.G., afterwards Haakon VII, King of Norway (d 21 Sept.1957), 2nd son of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (see BURKE’s ROYAL FAMILIES OF THE WORLD, Vol. 1), and d 20 Nov.1938, leaving issue.

Edward VII d at Buckingham Palace, 6 May, 1910 (bur at Windsor), and was s by his only surviving son.

http://www.burkes-peerage.net/sites/scotla...ges/page31h.asp

http://www.maximiliangenealogy.co.uk/burke...seofGuelph.html

THE ROYAL FAMILIES OF ENGLAND

House of Guelph

GEORGE LEWIS, Elector of Hanover, son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick Lunenburgh, and Elector of Hanover, by SOPHIA, his wife, granddau. of JAMES I. KING OF ENGLAND, ascended the English throne as GEORGE I., by the Act of Settlements on the death of Queen Anne, in 1714. He was b. 28 May, 1660, and m. in 1682, Sophia Dorothy, only dau. and heiress of George-William, Duke of Zelle, and by that lady (from whom he was divorced, and who d. 13 Nov. 1726) he had issue,

GEORGE-AUGUSTUS, Prince of Wales.

Sophia-Dorothy, m. in 1706, to FREDERICK-WILLIAM III., Elector of Brandenburgh, afterwards King of Prussia.

The King d. 11 June, 1727, and was s. by the Prince of Wales, as

GEORGE THE SECOND, b. 30 Oct. 1683, crowned 11 Oct. 1727. This monarch m. in 1705, Wilhelmina-Carolina, dau. of William-Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburgh-Anspach, and had issue,

i. FREDERICK-LEWIS, Prince of Wales, b. 20 Jan. 1707, who d. in 1751, leaving issue by Augusta, his wife, youngest dau. of Frederick the Second, Duke of Saxe Gotha,

1. GEORGE-WILLIAM-FREDERICK, who ascended the throne as THIRD of that name.

2. Edward-Augustus, rear-admiral, K.G., created 1 April, 1760, Earl of Ulster, and Duke of York and Albany, d. unm. 17 Sept. 1767.

3. William-Henry, b. 14 Nov. 1743, created Duke of Gloucester, m. 6 Sept. 1766, Maria, Countess-Dowager Waldegrave, illegitimate dau. of the Hon. Sir Edward Walpole, K.B., by whom he left, at his decease in 1805,

William-Frederick, Duke of Gloucester, b. at Rome, 15 Jan. 1776, K.G., G.C.B., field-marshal in the army, &c., who m. in 1816, his first-cousin, the Princess Mary, sister of his Majesty KING WILLIAM THE FOURTH, and d. s. p., 30 Nov. 1834.

Sophia-Matilda, ranger of Greenwich Park, 5. 20 May, 1773, d. 29 Nov. 1844.

4. Henry-Frederick, b. in Oct. 1745, created in 1767, Duke of Cumberland, m. in Oct. 1771, Lady Anne Luttrell, dau. of Simon, Earl of Carhampton, and widow of Christopher Horton, Esq. of Catton Hall, in the co. of Derby, but d. issueless, 18 Sept. 1790. The duchess d. in 1803.

1. Augusta, m. in 1764, to William-Frederick, Duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, and had issue,

Charles-Augustus, Hereditary Prince, m. Frederica, dau. of William, Prince of Orange, but d. s. p.

FREDERICK-WILLIAM, Duke of Brunswick, m. Mary-Elizabeth, dau. of Charles-Louis, Hereditary Prince of Padua, and fell at Quatre Bras, 16 June, 1815, leaving two sons,

Charles-Frederick, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh, b. 30 Oct. 1804.

CHARLES-MAXIMILIAN,Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh, since his brother’s expulsion, b. 25 April, 1806.

Charlotte, m. to Charles-Frederick, Duke of Wirtemburg, and d. in 1788.

CAROLINE, m. in 1795, to George, Prince of Wales, afterwards GEORGE IV., and d. 7 Aug. 1821.

Caroline-Matilda, m. in 1766, to CHRISTIAN VII., King of Denmark, by whom she had Frederick, King of Denmark.

II. William-Augustus, b. 15 April, 1721, created 15 July, 1726, Duke of Cumberland, K.G., a field-marshal and commander-in-chief of the forces. His royal highness commanded the English army at Fontenoy and Culloden. He d. unm. in 1765.

i. ANNE, (Princess Royal,) m. in 1734, to William, Prince of Orange, and d. 12 Jan. 1759.

ii. Amelia, d. unm. 31 Oct. 1786.

iii. Elizabeth, d. unm. 28 Dec. 1758.

iv. Mary, m. 8 May, 1740, to Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and d. in 1771, leaving issue.

v. Louisa, m. 30 Oct. 1743, to FREDERICK V., King of Denmark, and d. in 1751, leaving issue.

His Majesty d. 25 Oct. 1760, and was s. by his grandson,

GEORGE THE THIRD, b. 4 June, 1738, crowned 22 Sept. 1761, m. 8 Sept. in the same year, Charlotte-Sophia, dau. of Charles-James-Frederick, reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, by whom (who was b. 19 May, 1744, and d. 17 Nov. 1818) he had issue,

i. GE0RGE.AUGUSTUS-FREDERICK, Prince of Wales, afterwards GEORGE IV.

ii. Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, in Great Britain, and Earl of Ulster, in Ireland, K.G., G.C.B., commander-in-chief of his Majesty’s forces, &c., b. 16 Aug. 1763. His royal highness in. 29 Sept. 1791, Frederica-Charlotte-Ulrica-Catherina, Princess Royal of Prussia, by whom (who d. 6 Aug. 1820) he had no issue. The duke d. 5 Jan. 1827.

iii. WILLIAM-HENRY, Duke of Clarence, afterwards King WILLIAM IV.

iv. Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathern, in Great Britain, and Earl of Dublin, in Ireland, K.G., a Field-marshal in the army, and Col. of the 1st Regt. of Foot, b. 2 Nov. 1767. His royal highness m. in 1818 her Serene Highness Victoria-Mary-Louisa, (b. 17 Aug. 1786,) dau. of his Serene Highness Francis, Duke of Saxe Coburg-Saalfield, and widow of his Serene Highness Emich-Charles, reigning Prince of Leiningen, and left at his decease, 23 Jan. 1820, an only dau.,

ALEXANDRINA-VICTORIA, b. 24 May, 1819, QUEEN VICTORIA.

v. Ernest-Augustus, King of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland, K.G., K.P., G.C.B., Knight of the Prussian Orders of the Black and Red Eagle, field-marshal in the army, &c., 6. 5 June, 1771, m. at Strelitz, 29 May, and in London, 29 Aug. 1815, Princess Frederica-Caroline-Sophia-Alexandrina, 3rd dau. of the late reigning Duke of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, and widow, 1st, of Prince Frederick-Louis-Charles, of Prussia; and 2ndly, of Prince Frederick-William, of Solms Braunfels. By her, who d. 21 June, 1841, the King of Hanover had a son,

PRINCE GEORGE-FREDERICK-ALEXANDER-CHARLES-ERNEST-AUGUSTUS, K.G. and G.C.H., Prince Royal of Hanover, b. at Berlia, 27 May, 1819, m. 18 Feb. 1843, Princess Mary-Alexandrina, eldest dau. of Joseph, reigning Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, and had issue,

Prince Ernest-Augustus-William-Adolphus-George-Frederick, b. 21 Sept. 1845.

Princess Frederica-Sophia-Maria-Henrietta-Amelia-Theresa, b. 9 Jan. 1848.

Princess Maria-Ernestina-Josephine-Adolphine-Henrietta-Theresa-Elizabeth-Alexandrina.

vi. Augustus-Frederick, K.G., Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, and Baron of Arklow, all in the peerage of the United Kingdom, so created, 7 Nov. 1801, b. 27 Jan. 1773, m. at Rome, by a protestant minister, 4 Apri1, 1793, and at St. George’s, Hanover-square, London, 5 Dec. in the same year, Lady Augusta de Ameland, dau. of John (Murray), 4th Earl of Dun- more. These nuptials having been deemed a violation of the Royal Marriage Act, (12 GEORGE III. c. ii.) were declared by the Prerogative Court null and void, and dissolved accordingly, in Aug. 1794. The Duke of Sussex, d. 21 April, l843.*

vii. Adolphus-Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron of Culloden, in the United Kingdom, K.G., G.C.B., and G.C.H., Grand Master, and first principal Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, and Knight of the Prussian Orders of the Black and Red Eagle; Field-Marshal in the Army, Colonel of the Cold- stream Guards, Colonel-in-Chief of the 60th Foot, Commissioner of the Royal Military College and Royal Military Asylum; Ranger of St. James’s, Hyde and Richmond Parks; Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews, President of the Scottish Naval and Military Academy, P.C., F.S.A.; b. 24 Feb. 1774, m. at Cassel, 7 May, and in London 1st June, 1818, Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louisa, 3rd dau. of the late Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, 6. 25 July 1797, and had issue,

* By Lady Augusta de Ameland (who d. 5 March, 1830), the Duke of Sussex had issue,

SIR AUGUSTUS-FREDERICK D’ESTE, K.G.H., colonel in the army, b. 13 Jan. 1794, ci. 28 Dec. 1848.

Augusta-Emma, Mdlle. d’Este, m. 13 Aug. 1845, to Thomas, Lord Truro, Lord Chancellor.

1. PRINCE GEORGE-WILLIAM.FREDERICK-CHARLES, DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, K.G., and G.C.H., a Major-Gen. in the army and Colonel of the 17th Lancers, 6. at Hanover, 26 March, 1819.

2. Princess Augusta-Caroline-Charlotte-Elizabeth-Mary-Sophia-Louisa, b. at Hanover, 19 July 1822, m. 28 June 1843, Frederick- William-Charles - George-Ernest-Adolphus.. Gustavus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. b. 17 Oct. 1819.

3. Princess Mary-Adelaide-Wilhelmina-Elizabeth, b. at Hanover, 27 Nov. 1833.

The Duke of Cambridge d. 8 July, 1850.

i. Charlotte-Augusta-Matilda, Princess Royal, b. 29 Sept. 1766; m. 18 May, 1797, to Frederick-Charles-William, then Duke, but subsequently King, of Wirtemburg, by whom (who ci. in 1816) her Majesty had no issue. The Queen d. 6 Oct. 1828.

ii. Augusta-Sophia, b. 8 Nov. 1768; d. sum. 22 Sept. 1840.

iii. Elizabeth, b. 22 May, 1770; m. 7 April, 1818, to his Serene Highness Frederick, Landgrave and Prince of Hesse-Homburg, who d. in 1829. Her Royal Highness d. 10 Jan. 1840.

iv. Mary, b. 25 April, 1776; m. 22 July, 1816, to her Cousin, his Royal Highness the late Duke of Gloucester.

v. Sophia, b. 3 Nov. 1777; d. 27 May, 1848.

vi. Amelia, b. 7 Aug. 1783; d. unm. 2 Nov. 1810.

His Majesty King GEORGE III. died in the 60th year of his reign, (the longest in the annals of England), 29 Jan. 1820, and was s. by the Prince of Wales, as

GEORGE THE FOURTH. His Majesty had previously exercised the royal authority as REGENT. He was b. 12 Aug. 1762, and m. 8 April, 1795, his cousin, the Princess Caroline-Amelia-Elizabeth, 2nd dau. of Charles-William-Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, by whom (who d. 7 Aug. 1821) he had an only dau.,

PRINCESS CHARLOTTE-AUGUSTA OF WALES, b. 7 March, 1796; m. 2 May, 1816, to PRINCE LEOPOLD-GEORGE-FREDERICK, 3rd son of Francis-Anthony-Frederick, late Reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg; and d. in childbed, 6 Nov. 1817. Prince Leopold is now King of the Belgians.

His Majesty d. 26 June, 1830, and was s. by his brother,

WILLIAM-HENRY, Duke of Clarence, as WILLIAM THE FOURTH; b. 24 Aug. 1765; crowned at Westminster, with his Royal Consort, 8 Sept. 1831. His majesty m. 11 June, 1818, the Princess ADELAIDE-LOUISA-THERESA-CAROLINE-AMELIA, eldest dau. of GEORGE, late Duke of Saxe Meiningen, and by her (who d. 2 Dec. 1849) had two daus.,

the Princesses CHARLOTTE and ELIZABETH, who both died, the former immediately after its birth, the latter within a few months.

This monarch, when a youth, entered the Royal Navy, and attained the rank of Post Captain in 1786. He was then Prince WILLIAM-HENRY, but in 1789, (20 May,) he was created DUKE OF CLARENCE and ST. ANDEWS, in the Peerage of Great Britain, and EARL OF MUNSTER in that of Ireland. Having passed through the grades of Rear-Admiral and Admiral, his Royal Highness succeeded Sir Peter Parker, as Admiral of the Fleet, in 1811, and at one time was Lord High Admiral of England. He d. 20 June, 1837, when the crown devolved upon his niece, the Princess ALEXANDRINA-VICTORIA, who ascended the throne as

VICTORIA, OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, QUEEN, Defender of the Faith. Her Majesty was b. at Kensington Palace, 21 May, 1819, and Crowned in Westminster Abbey 28 June, 1838. The Queen m. at the Chapel Royal St. James’s, 10 Feb. 1840, Prince Francis-ALBERT-Augustus-Charles-Emanuel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Cobourg and Gotha, younger son of Ernest, late reigning Duke of Saxe Cobourg and Gotha, and had issue,

ALBERT EDWARD, Prince of Wales, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Cobourg and Gotha, Duke of Cornwall, Great Steward of Scotland, Duke of Rothsay, Earl of Chester, Carrick, and Dublin, Baron of Renfrew and Lord of the Isles, K.G., b. at Buckingham Palace 9 Nov. 1841; created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, by patent, 4 Dec. 1841, and Earl of Dublin, by patent, 10 Sept. 1849. His Royal Highness was born Duke of Cornwall, under the terms of the original creation of Edward III., who conferred the title on his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, with limitation to him and his heirs, eldest sons and heirs apparent to the crown of England for ever. The Prince inherited also at his birth the Scottish Honors of High Steward, Duke of Rothsay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrcw, and Lord of the Isles, those dignities having been, by act of parliament A.D. 1469, vested in the eldest son and heir-apparent of the sovereign of Scotland for ever.

Prince Alfred-Ernest-Albert, b. 6 Aug. 1844.

Prince Arthur-William-Patrick-Albert, b. 1 May, 1850.

Princess Royal, b. 21 Nov. 1840.

Princess Alice-Maud-Mary, b. 25 April, 1843.

Princess Helana-Agustia-Victoria, b. 25 May, 1846.

Princess Louisa-Caroline-Alberta, b. 18 March, 1848.

Prince Albert, the Queen’s Consort, was born 26 Aug. 1819. His Royal Highness is a Knight of the Orders of the Garter, the Thistle, St. Patrick, and St. Michael and St. George, Grand Master of the Order of the Bath, Field Marshal in the Army, Colonel of the Scots Fusilier Guards, Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Rifles, Lord Warden of the Stannaries and Chief Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle, Captain General of the Hon. Artillery Company, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and Lord High Steward of Plymouth and Windsor.

House of Welf (or House of Guelph)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guelph


The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century.

The House of Welf is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose oldest known members lived in Lombardy in the 9th century. For this reason, it is sometimes also called Welf-Este. The first member of this branch was Welf IV; he inherited the property of the Elder House of Welf when his maternal uncle Welf, Duke of Carinthia, died in 1055. In 1070, Welf IV became duke of Bavaria.

Welf V married countess Matilda of Tuscany who died childless and left him her possessions: Tuscany, Ferrara, Modena, Mantua, Reggio, and so on, which played a role in the Investiture controversy. Since the Welfs sided with the Pope in this controversy, partisans of the Pope came to be known as "Guelphs" in Italy; see Guelphs and Ghibellines.

Henry the Black, duke of Bavaria from 1120-1126, was the first of the three Henrys of the Welf dynasty. His son, Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria and also of Saxony, was the favoured candidate in the imperial election against Conrad III of the Hohenstaufens. He lost the election, as the other princes feared his power and temperament, and was dispossessed of his duchies by Conrad III.

Henry the Lion recovered his father's two duchies, Saxony in 1142, Bavaria in 1156. In 1158 he married Matilda (1156-1189), the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and sister of Richard Lionheart. Dispossessed of his duchies after the Battle of Legnano in 1176 by Emperor Frederick I and the other princes of the German Empire eager to claim parts of his vast territories, he was exiled to the court of his father-in-law Henry II in Normandy in 1180, returned to Germany three years later as duke of a part of Saxony, the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and died there in 1195.

His son Otto of Brunswick was elected king and crowned emperor as Otto IV. The Welfs of Brunswick-Lüneburg continued to rule in that area until the fall of the German monarchies in 1918.

In 1692 the head of the cadet Calenberg line was raised to the status of an imperial elector, and became known as the Elector of Hanover. His son, Georg Ludwig, inherited the British throne in 1714 as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701. Members of the Welf dynasty continued to rule in Britain until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901; in Britain they were known as the House of Hanover.

Hanover itself was raised to a kingdom in 1814, but was annexed by Prussia following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, in which Hanover had sided with Austria. The senior line of the dynasty ruled the much smaller Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. This line became extinct in 1884. Although the Duchy should have been inherited by the Duke of Cumberland, son of the last king of Hanover, suspicions of his loyalty led the duchy's throne to remain vacant until 1913, when Cumberland's son, Ernst August, married the daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II and was allowed to inherit the duchy. His rule there was short-lived, however, as the monarchy came to an end following the First World War in 1918.

The Welf dynasty continues to exist. Its current head, named, like many of his ancestors, Ernst August, is most famous as the third and present husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco.

Fritz Springmeier
There's a very close relationship. You will notice with MI-6, in the first few decades of their existence (they came into existence at the turn of the century), they hired only women who came from elite Illuminati families. If you were a female working with MI-6, you were referred to as Queenie, and they really were Illuminati queens. We go back and look at who set up these organizations, who runs these organizations. Look at the CIA for instance. People that understand what the Council for Foreign Relations is all about and how that's an Illuminati front will understand better what I am talking about. You look at Dulles, McCone, Helms, Slesinger, Bush, Turner, Casey - you just go down your list of directors of the CIA - and they were members of the Council for Foreign Relations. Not only that, but they were members of other organizations that are Illuminati fronts. Turner was a Rhodes scholar which is an entry point for Illuminati. The Astors helped found the Rhodes scholars. Casey and McCone - both of whom were Knights of Malta. Look at the membership of the Knights of Malta, 50% black nobility. I am talking about black in the context of the black (guelph) European aristocratic bloodlines - the black (.....s) were a very powerful bloodline that have controlled Europe for many centuries. General Walter Bedell Smith was head of the CIA - from 1950 to 1953 - working in US intelligence - he was one of the co-founders of the Bilderbergers. Prince Bernhardt (Illuminati) was the Chairman of the original Bilderbergers. One of the late Chairs was Peter Rupert (Lord Carrington) was Order of St. John which is the Protestant version of the Knights of Malta. He was a director of a number of the Rothschild organizations like the Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation. He was a member of the Order of the Garter, which is very significant; and a member of the Order of Osiris. The Order of the Garter is one of the primary organizations which was given the responsibility to be in charge of the plans to bring in the New World Order by the Illuminati, and to give continuity from one generation to another. The Order of the Garter is extremely powerful. Your coat of arms etc. is all controlled by the Order of the Garter which is set up in covens of 13, groups of 13. If you have ever looked at heraldry you will know how important this is. The Bilderbergers is also set up in groups of 13, the inner committee is 13.

http://www.theforbiddenknowledge.com/hardt..._interview2.htm

Know what, I have him listed as Henry of Saxon and Bavaria in my file, but I haven't bothered to look up his ancestors. Now that's interesting!

Most people who upload this information on RootsWeb use the book "Royalty for Commoners" as a source. I need to get hold of that book. It's at my public library but not available for circulation.

As I often say, my hobby of genealogy and my study of history go hand in hand!

Two more of the bloodline: George Orwell and Laura Ingalls Wilder. Interesting, huh? B)

Guelphs and Ghibellines

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclo...n/m0020602.html

Names adopted by the two factions that kept Italy divided and devastated by civil war during the greater part of the later Middle Ages.

It has been well observed by Grisar, in his recent biography of Pope Gregory the Great, that the doctrine of two powers to govern the world, one spiritual and the other temporal, each independent within its own limits, is as old as Christianity itself, and based upon the Divine command to "render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's". The earlier popes, such as Gelasius I (494) and Symmachus (506), write emphatically on this theme, which received illustration in the Christian art of the eighth century in a mosaic of the Lateran palace that represented Christ delivering the keys to St. Silvester and the banner to the Emperor Constantine, and St. Peter giving the papal stole to Leo III and the banner to Charlemagne. The latter scene insists on the papal action in the restoration of the Western Empire, which Dante regards as an act of usurpation on the part of Leo. For Dante, pope and emperor are as two suns to shed light upon man's spiritual and temporal paths respectively, Divinely ordained by the infinite goodness of Him from Whom the power of Peter and of Caesar bifurcates as from a point. Thus, throughout the troubled period of the Middle Ages, men inevitably looked to the harmonious alliance of these two powers to renovate the face of the earth, or, when it seemed no longer possible for the two to work in unison, they appealed to one or the other to come forward as the saviour of society. We get the noblest form of these aspirations in the ideal imperialism of Dante's "De Monarchia", on the one hand; and, on the other, in the conception of the ideal pope, the papa angelico of St. Bernard's "De Consideratione" and the "Letters" of St. Catherine of Siena.

This great conception can vaguely be discerned at the back of the nobler phases of the Guelph and Ghibelline contests; but it was soon obscured by considerations and conditions absolutely unideal and material. Two main factors may be said to have produced and kept alive these struggles: the antagonism between the papacy and the empire, each endeavouring to extend its authority into the field of the other; the mutual hostility between a territorial feudal nobility, of military instincts, and of foreign descent, and a commercial and municipal democracy, clinging to the traditions of Roman law, and ever increasing in wealth and power. Since the coronation of Charlemagne (800), the relations of Church and State had been ill defined, full of the seeds of future contentions, which afterwards bore fruit in the prolonged "War of Investitures", begun by Pope Gregory VII and the Emperor Henry IV (1075), and brought to a close by Callistus II and Henry V (1122). Neither the Church nor the Empire was able to make itself politically supreme in Italy. Throughout the eleventh century, the free Italian communes had arisen, owing a nominal allegiance to the Empire as having succeeded to the power of ancient Rome and as being the sole source of law and right, but looking for support, politically as well as spiritually, to the papacy.

The names "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" appear to have originated in Germany, in the rivalry between the house of Welf (Dukes of Bavaria) and the house of Hohenstaufen (Dukes of Swabia), whose ancestral castle was Waiblingen in Franconia. Agnes, daughter of Henry IV and sister of Henry V, married Duke Frederick of Swabia. "Welf" and "Waiblingen" were first used as rallying cries at the battle of Weinsberg (1140), where Frederick's son, Emperor Conrad III (1138-1152), defeated Welf, the brother of the rebellious Duke of Bavaria, Henry the Proud. Conrad's nephew and successor, Frederick I "Barbarossa" (1152-1190), attempted to reassert the imperial authority over the Italian cities, and to exercise supremacy over the papacy itself. He recognized an antipope, Victor, in opposition to the legitimate sovereign pontiff, Alexander III (1159), and destroyed Milan (1162), but was signally defeated by the forces of the Lombard League at the battle of Legnano (1176) and compelled to agree to the peace of Constance (1183), by which the liberties of the Italian communes were secured. The mutual jealousies of the Italian cities themselves, however, prevented the treaty from having permanent results for the independence and unity of the nation. After the death of Frederick's son and successor, Henry VI (1197), a struggle ensued in Germany and in Italy between the rival claimants for the Empire: Henry's brother, Philip of Swabia (d. 1208), and Otho of Bavaria. According to the more probable theory, it was then that the names of the factions were introduced into Italy. "Guelfo" and "Ghibellino" being the Italian forms of "Welf" and "Waiblingen". The princes of the house of Hohenstaufen being the constant opponents of the papacy, "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" were taken to denote adherents of Church and Empire, respectively. The popes having favoured and fostered the growth of the communes, the Guelphs were in the main the republican, commercial, burgher party; the Ghibellines represented the old feudal aristocracy of Italy. For the most part the latter were descended from Teutonic families planted in the peninsula by the Germanic invasions (of the past), and they naturally looked to the emperors as their protectors against the growing power and pretensions of the cities. It is, however, clear that these names were merely adopted to designate parties that, in one form or another, had existed from the end of the eleventh century.

In the endeavour to realize the precise signification of these terms, one must consider the local politics and the special conditions of each individual state and town. Thus, in Florence, a family quarrel between the Buondelmonti and the Amidei, in 1215, led traditionally to the introduction of "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" to mark off the two parties that henceforth kept the city divided; but the factions themselves had virtually existed since the death of the great Countess Mathilda of Tuscany (1115), a hundred years before, had left the republic at liberty to work out its own destinies. The rivalry of city against city was also, in many cases, a more potent inducement for one to declare itself Guelph and another Ghibelline, than any specially papal or imperial proclivities on the part of its citizens. Pavia was Ghibelline, because Milan was Guelph. Florence being the head of the Guelph league in Tuscany, Lucca was Guelph because it needed Florentine protection; Siena was Ghibelline, because it sought the support of the emperor against the Florentines and against the rebellious nobles of its own territory; Pisa was Ghibelline, partly from hostility to Florence, partly from the hope of rivalling with imperial aid the maritime glories of Genoa. In many cities a Guelph faction and a Ghibelline faction alternately got the upper hand, drove out its adversaries, destroyed their houses and confiscated their possessions. Venice, which had aided Alexander III against Frederick I, owed no allegiance to the Western empire, and naturally stood apart.

One of the last acts of Frederick I had been to secure the marriage of his son Henry with Constance, aunt and heiress of William the Good, the last of the Norman kings of Naples and Sicily. The son of this marriage, Frederick II (b. 1194), thus inherited this South Italian kingdom, hitherto a bulwark against the imperial Germanic power in Italy, and was defended in his possession of it against the Emperor Otho by Pope Innocent III, to whose charge he had been left as a ward by his mother. On the death of Otho (1218), Frederick became emperor, and was crowned in Rome by Honorius III (1220). The danger, to the papacy and to Italy alike, of the union of Naples and Sicily (a vassal kingdom of the Holy See) with the empire, was obvious; and Frederick, when elected King of the Romans, had sworn not to unite the southern kingdom with the German crown. His neglect of this pledge, together with the misunderstandings concerning his crusade, speedily brought about a fresh conflict between the Empire and the Church. The prolonged struggle carried on by the successors of Honorius, from Gregory IX to Clement IV, against the last Swabian princes, mingled with the worst excesses of the Italian factions on either side, is the central and most typical phase of the Guelph and Ghibelline story. From 1227, when first excommunicated by Gregory IX, to the end of his life, Frederick had to battle incessantly with the popes, the second Lombard League, and the Guelph pary in general throughout Italy. The Genoese fleet, conveying the French cardinals and prelates to a council summoned at Rome, was destroyed by the Pisans at the battle of Meloria (1241); and Gregory's successor, Innocent IV, was compelled to take refuge in France (1245). The atrocious tyrant, Ezzelino da Romano, raised up a bloody despotism in Verona and Padua; the Guelph nobles were temporarily expelled from Florence; but Frederick's favourite son, King Enzio of Sardinia, was defeated and captured by the Bolognese (1249), and the strenuous opposition of the Italians proved too much for the imperial power. After the death of Frederick (1250), it seemed as if his illegitimate son, Manfred, King of Naples and Sicily (1254-1266), himself practically an Italian, was about to unite all Italy into a Ghibelline, anti-papal monarchy. Although in the north the Ghibelline supremacy was checked by the victory of the Marquis Azzo d'Este over Ezzelino at Cassano on the Adda (1259), in Tuscany even Florence was lost to the Guelph cause by the sanguinary battle of Montaperti (4 Sept., 1260), celebrated in Dante's poem. Urban IV then offered Manfred's crown to Charles of Anjou, the brother of St. Louis of France. Charles came to Italy, and by the great victory of Benevento (26 Feb., 1266), at which Manfred was killed, established a French dynasty upon the throne of Naples and Sicily. The defeat of Frederick's grandson, Conradin, at the battle of Tagliacozzo (1268) followed by his judicial murder at Naples by the command of Charles, marks the end of the struggle and the overthrow of the German imperial power in Italy for two and a half centuries.

Thus the struggle ended in the complete triumph of the Guelphs. Florence, once more free and democratic, had established a special organization within the republic, known as the Parte Guelfa, to maintain Guelph principles and chastise supposed Ghibellines. Siena, hitherto the stronghold of Ghibellinism in Tuscany, became Guelph after the battle of Colle di Valdelsa (1269). The pontificate of the saintly and pacific Gregory X (1271-1276) tended to dissociate the Church from the Guelph party, which now began to look more to the royal house of France. Although they lost Sicily by the "Vespers of Palermo" (1282), the Angevin kings of Naples remained the chief power in Italy, and the natural leaders of the Guelphs, with whose aid they had won their crown. Adherence to Ghibelline principles was still maintained by the republics of Pisa and Arezzo, the Della Scala family at Verona, and a few petty despots here and there in Romagna and elsewhere. No great ideals of any kind were by this time at stake. As Dante declares in the "Paradiso" (canto vi), one party opposed to the imperial eagle the golden lilies, and the other appropriated the eagle to a faction, "so that it is hard to see which sinneth most". The intervention of Boniface VIII in the politics of Tuscany, when the predominant Guelphs of Florence split into two new factions, was the cause of Dante's exile (1301), and drove him for a while into the ranks of the Ghibellines. The next pope, Benedict XI (1303-1304), made earnest attempts to reconcile all parties; but the "Babylonian Captivity" of his successors at Avignon augmented the divisions of Italy. From the death of Frederick II (1250) to the election of Henry VII (1308), the imperial throne was regarded by the Italians as vacant. Henry himself was a chivalrous and high minded idealist, who hated the very names of Guelph and Ghibelline; his expedition to Italy (1310-1313) roused much temporary enthusiasm (reflected in the poetry of Dante and Cino da Pistoia), but he was successfully resisted by King Robert of Naples and the Florentines. After his death, imperial vicars made themselves masters of various cities. Uguccione della Faggiuola (d. 1320), for a brief while lord of Pisa "in marvellous glory", defeated the allied forces of Naples and Florence at the battle of Montecatini (29 Aug., 1315), a famous Guelph overthrow that has left its traces in the popular poetry of the fourteenth century. Can Grande della Scala (d. 1339), Dante's friend and patron, upheld the Ghibelline cause with magnanimity in eastern Lombardy; while Matteo Visconti (d. 1322) established a permanent dynasty in Milan, which became a sort of Ghibelline counterbalance to the power of the Angevin Neapolitans in the south. Castruccio Interminelli (d. 1328), a soldier of fortune who became Duke of Lucca, attempted the like in central Italy; but his signory perished with him. Something of the old Guelph and Ghibelline spirit revived during the struggle between Ludwig of Bavaria and Pope John XXII; Ludwig set up an antipope, and was crowned in Rome by a representative of the Roman people, but his conduct disgusted his own partisans. In the poetry of Fazio degli Uberti (d. after 1368), a new Ghibellinism makes itself heard: Rome declares that Italy can only enjoy peace when united beneath the scepter of one Italian king.

Before the return of the popes from Avignon, "Guelph" and "Ghibelline" had lost all real significance. Men called themselves Guelph or Ghibelline, and even fought furiously under those names, simply because their forbears had adhered to one or other of the factions. In a city which had been officially Guelph in the past, any minority opposed to the government of the day, or obnoxious to the party in power, would be branded as "Ghibelline". Thus, in 1364, we find it enacted by the Republic of Florence that any one who appeals to the pope or his legate or the cardinals shall be declared a Ghibelline. "There are no more wicked nor more mad folk under the vault of heaven than the Guelphs and Ghibellines", says St. Bernardino of Siena in 1427. He gives an appalling picture of the atrocities still perpetuated, even by women, under these names, albeit by that time the primitive signification of the terms had been lost, and declares that the mere professing to belong to either party is in itself a mortal sin. As party catch-words they survived, still attended with bloody consequences, until the coming to Italy of Charles V (1529) finally re-established the imperial power, and opened a new epoch in the relations of pope and emperor.

House of Medici

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10120a.htm

A Florentine family, the members of which, having acquired great wealth as bankers, rose in a few generations to be first the unofficial rulers of the republic of Florence and afterwards the recognized sovereigns of Tuscany.

Cosimo the Elder. Born 1389, died 1 August, 1464, the founder of their power and so-called "Padre della Patria", was the son of Giovanni di Averardo de' Medici, the richest banker in Italy. He obtained the virtual lordship of Florence in 1434 by the overthrow and expulsion of the leaders of the oligarchical faction of the Albizzi. While maintaining republican forms and institutions, he held the government by banishing his opponents and concentrating the chief magistracies in the hands of his own adherents. His foreign policy, which became traditional with the Medici throughout the fifteenth century until the French invasion of 1494, aimed at establishing a balance of power between the five chief states of the Italian peninsula, by allying Florence with Milan and maintaining friendly relations with Naples, to counterpoise the similar understanding existing between Rome and Venice. He was a munificent and discerning patron of art and letters, a thorough humanist, and through Marsilio Ficino, the founder of the famous Neo-Platonic academy. Sincerely devoted to religion in his latter days, he was closely associated with St. Antoninus and with the Dominican friars of San Marco, his favourite foundation. His son and successor, Piero il Gottoso, the husband of Lucrezia Tornabuoni, a man of magnanimous character but whose activities were crippled by illness, contented himself with following in his footsteps.

Lorenzo and Giuliano. On Piero's death in 1469, his sons Lorenzo, b. 1449, d. 8 April, 1492, and Giuliano, b. 1453, d. 26 April, 1478, succeeded to his power. The latter, a genial youth with no particular aptitude for politics, was murdered in the Pazzi conspiracy of 1478, leaving an illegitimate son Giulio, who afterwards became Pope Clement VII. Among those executed for their share in the conspiracy was the Archbishop of Pisa. A war with Pope Sixtus IV and King Ferrante of Naples followed, in which Florence was hard pressed, until, Lorenzo, as Machiavelli says, "exposed his own life to restore peace to his country", by going in person to the Neapolitan sovereign to obtain favourable terms, in 1480. Henceforth until his death Lorenzo was undisputed master of Florence and her dominions, and, while continuing and developing the foreign and domestic policy of his grandfather, he greatly extended the Medicean influence throughout Italy. His skillful diplomacy was directed to maintaining the peace of the peninsula, and keeping the five chief states united in the face of the growing danger of an invasion from beyond the Alps. Guicciardini writes of him that it would not have been possible for Florence to have had a better or a more pleasant tyrant, and certainly the world has seen no more splendid a patron of artists and scholars. The poets, Pulci and Poliziano, the philosopher and mystic, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and a whole galaxy of great artists, such as Botticelli and Ghirlandaio, shed glory over his reign.

Posterity has agreed to call Lorenzo "the Magnificent", but this is, in part, a misunderstanding of the Italian title "magnifico", which was given to all the members of his family, and, indeed, during the fifteenth century, applied to most persons of importance in Italy to whom the higher title of "Excellence" did not pertain. Lorenzo sums up the finest culture of the early Renaissance in his own person. Unlike many of the humanists of his epoch, he throughly appreciated the great Italian classics of the two preceding centuries; in his youth he wrote a famous epistle on the subject to Federigo of Aragon, which accompanied a collection of early Italian lyrics. His own poems in the vernacular rank very high in the literature of the fifteenth century. They are remarkably varied in style and subject, ranging from Petrarcan canzoni and sonnets with a prose commentary in imitation of the "Vita Nuova" to the semiparody of Dante entitled "I Beoni". His canzoni a ballo, the popular dancing songs of the Florentines, have the true lyrical note. Especially admirable are his compositions in ottava rima: the "Caccia col Falcone", with its keen feeling for nature; the "Ambra", a mythological fable of the Florentine country-side; and the "Nencia da Barberino:, an idyllic picture of rustic love. His "Altercazione", six cantos in terza rima, discusses the nature of true felicity, and closes in an impressive prayer to God, somewhat Platonic in tone. To purely religious poetry belong his "Laude", and a miracle-play, the "Rapresentazione di san Giovanni e san Paolo", with a curiously modern appreciation of the Emperor Julian. In striking contrast to these are his carnival-songs, canti carnascialeschi, so immoral as to lend colour to the accusation that he strove to undermine the morality of the Florentines in order the more easily to enslave them.

At the close of his life, Lorenzo was brought into conflict with Savonarola, but the legend of the latter refusing him absolution on his deathbed unless he restored liberty to Florence is now generally rejected by historians. By his wife, Clarice Orsini, Lorenzo had three sons: Piero, Giuliano, and Giovanni, of whom the third rose to the papacy as Leo X. Although a man of immoral life, his relations with his family show him under a favourable aspect, and, in a letter from one of the ladies of the Mantuan court, a charming account is given of how, on his way to the congress of Cremona in 1483, Lorenzo visited the Gonzaga children and sat among them in their nursery.

Piero di Lorenzo. Lorenzo's eldest son, b. 1471, d. 1503, a licentious youth with none of his father's ability, proved a most incompetent ruler, and, on the French invasion of 1494, he was expelled from Florence by the people, led by the patriotic Piero Capponi. After several fruitless attempts to recover his position, he was drowned at the battle of the Garigliano while serving in the French army. On the restoration of the Medici in 1512, his son Lorenzo was made ruler of Florence. With him, in 1519, the legitimate male descent of Cosimo the Elder came to an end. By his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, he was the father of Caterina de' Medici, afterwards Queen of France.

The Medici were again expelled from Florence, and the republic once more established, in 1527. But in 1530, after the famous siege, the city was compelled to surrender to the imperial forces, and Charles V made Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate son of the younger Lorenzo, hereditary head of the Florentine government. All republican forms and offices were swept away, and Alessandro ruled as duke until, in 1537, he was assassinated by his kinsman, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, who fled to Venice without attempting either to assert his own claims to the succession or to restore the republican regime.

Cosimo de' Medici. Usually known as Cosimo I, b. 1519, d. 1574, was the descendant of a brother of Cosimo the Elder and representative of the younger Medicean line. He was the son of Giovanni delle Bande Nere, the great soldier, and Maria Salviati. On the murder of Alessandro, he came into Florence, and was formally recognized as head of the government both by the citizens and by the emperor. At the outset, with the aid of imperial troops, he crushed the last efforts of the republicans, who were led by Baccio Valori and Filippo Strozzi. Various constitutional checks were at first put upon him, but these he soon discarded, and openly used the title of Duke of Florence. Although ruthless and implacable, he proved himself the ablest Italian ruler of the sixteenth century, and gave a permanent form to the government of Florence, finally developing the shapeless remains of the fallen republic into a modern monarchical state. He thoroughly reorganized the laws and administration, created a small but efficient fleet to defend the shores of Tuscany, and raised a national army out of the old Florentine militia. He married a Spanish wife, the noble and virtuous Eleonora da Toledo, and in foreign affairs leaned to a large extent upon Spain, by which power, however, he was prevented from accepting the crown of Corsica. His great desire of absorbing the neighbouring republics of Lucca and Siena into his dominions was fulfilled only the case of the latter state; he conquered Siena in 1555, and in 1557 received it as a fief from the King of Spain.

Tradition has invested Cosimo's name with a series of horrible domestic crimes and tragedies, all of which have been completely disproved by recent research. After the death of Eleonora da Toledo in 1562, he appears to have abandoned himself to vice. A few years later he married his mistress, Cammilla Martelli. In 1570 he was crowned in Rome by Pius V as Grand Duke of Tuscany, thereby taking place among the sovereigns of Europe. The title was confirmed to his son and successor, Francis I, in 1575, by the Emperor Maximilian II. Cosimo's descendants reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany in an unbroken line until 1737, when, on the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, their dominions passed to the House of Austria.

It seems that the true King of England is an Australian in country N.S.W and, I love this bit, his grandson is called JET.

They seen a delightfull family, who though they were aware of important relatives, it wasn't untill a brit, tracking the true line, found them with the evidence that they even considered just how important they are. of course nothing has come of it, yet...

Now as to royal decendants 'slumming it', this works well for 'them' as at any time those in line could die off but order must be maintained, so though you may not know who you are, "they" do.

Australia has an awfull lot of royal blooded people, as Mary's marriage to the Prince of Denmark reminded some (most still want to believe the fairytale story) and it is no 'accident'.

What this space (downunder).

I had no idea I was descended from the royals until I started looking up stuff on RootsWeb. I thought the earliest ancestor I knew about was a Schram who lived in 16th-century Germany!

The nice part is, people upload their family trees, and lots of them use sources, such as books telling about the royal ancestors of early American settlers. I first traced my ancestry through the Schram/Kilbourne line. For a while I was thinking I had 3 out of 4 great-grandparents on my mother's side descended, wasn't sure about my grandmother's father because his father's birth was possibly illegitimate. Turns out his mother (my great-great-grandmother Mary Catherine Luce) was descended!

Most likely I'm in line for a throne...but there are probably a couple million ahead of me, and furthermore, if it ever got to me, I wouldn't last very long...I'd probably be another victim of the Cup of Borgia, because I can assure you they would NOT like how I would rule! :lol:

My family isn't rich at all. My dad paid off the house and cars a couple years before he died, and while all my mother has to worry about is taxes, insurance, utilities, and groceries, she still has to work. She also has her older sister and my younger sister living with her, and they contribute to expenses.

As for me, my husband has a decent-paying job which enables me to stay home with our son. We're not rich, but we manage to live comfortably...we're far from Cardboard Box #2, Skid Row!

Heheh--I just found out my husband is descended from King John "Lackland" Plantagenet, brother of Richard the Lionhearted. We're distantly related through our Welsh lines. :)

(I love Rootsweb, and I love when people have sources!)

Its your family who are mostly left handed and Rhesus bloodworks right?

My father-in-law is Rh- and my mother-in-law, it turns out, is descended from King John "Lackland" Plantagenet. My brother-in-law is left-handed; his twin sister and his brother (my husband) are right-handed. My husband is Rh+.

All four of my maternal great-grandparents are descended from Henry I. My mother is left-handed and Rh-. There are plenty of lefties on my grandmother's side of the family, including a second cousin of mine who got chewed out by her teacher for being a lefty.

I'm Rh+ and right-handed though I can use my left hand if I need to. My son is left-handed but I don't know his blood type--from what I know about genetics he could have literally any combination from O- to AB+.

BTW I've traced the royal line back to Judah. That fits in with Bible prophecy that the sceptre shall not depart from Judah until Shiloh comes. I just think that the royals like to claim descent from Satan and Jesus to make themselves look all big and bad. :rolleyes: I do have a .pdf file that tells how the Trojans are descended from Judah and Tamar (Judah's widowed daughter-in-law), and how the royals are descended from the Trojans.

I also have no interest in world domination. :D

Have you tested how Reptiles react around you? If not, try it and let me know!

Are you serious? :P

I've been to pet stores that have reptiles and they seem to take no notice of me...they don't act strange.

I think you've been listening to David Icke too much!

(And no, I've never seen any of my family members turn to reptiles.)

Well they sure would if your a woman and near to/during/early after a period! We cannot just dismiss a persons information when theres clearly something to it. Wether the information is exactly how Icke claims is another matter. Theres definate differences in blood and its certainly has a very high Copper base and only one other creature on Earth has this but I forget what it was, it may have been Reptile. I cannot see why people could dismiss Enki and the Anunnaki adding a few Reptilian genes to the Genome mix. You certainly dont have to turn into a reptile but why do Rhesus people bare mainly Reptilian trates more than non-rhesus!

How are reptiles supposed to react?

I still don't buy into the reptilian thing and People From Outer Space, though. My mother doesn't look anything like a lizard...in fact she looks more like a Native American, since we supposedly have some Cherokee too. For all we know Satan may grant certain people shape-changing powers or something, if the royals do morph into something. The statement "they're reptiles" by Princess Diana may not be literal--she might be saying they're cold-blooded--just like reptiles are. Cold-blooded meaning uncaring.

I know after I was born she needed RhoGam or whatever they call it because my younger sister and I are both Rh+.

I'm hardly cold-blooded...I can easily withstand 30F temperatures with a light sweater...I get hot easily, always have. My son seems to be the same way--he'll be in just underwear with a fan blowing on him and he'll STILL kick his covers off!

I was also reading about Einstein Syndrome (which I mentioned in another thread) and this one article stated that many children with high IQs are left-handed. My mother likes to say that lefties are in their right mind!

Reptiles usually get very angry and attack if I remember correctly when a woman is on her period!

For those who haven't seen:
The Rh-negative Factor "Reptilian Traits", (the DRAGON within)
L I N K

So what should I do? Next period, should I walk into a pet shop and see if I can rile up some iguanas? I'll do it, just to see what happens! At least they'll be in cages! ;)

Know what, I was just reading the Wikipedia entry on David Icke and reptilians...apparently they're primarily blue-eyed people. I'm a brown-eyed brunette. My grandfather had dark hair and eyes, and so did his mother--I look a lot like Great-Grandma Clarabell.

I still think Icke is full of it for the most part. I mean, anyone who denies Jesus existed isn't going to get a lot of points for credibility from my end. Jesus existed, but He never had children.

I, too am a part of the "BIG BOY" family, a direct descendant of Milo de Vere. I am a second cousin of Prince Nicholas de Vere. I have just finished reading his book and found it to have many very valid points. I do agree with his information, as I have partially researched it myself, after reading his book. I am still trying to let the information sink in, so if any questions are asked, I may take a while to answer. I have found proven links back through most of the royal houses of Europe and there are something like 47 different links to the Royal families, eg through Camilla Parker Bowles, the Spencer family, the Plantaganets, the Llewelyns of Wales, Alexander of Scotland, Robert the Bruce etc. In fact, Nick ahs managed to trace back through the Egyptian Pharoahs and even further. I have been in contact with some researchers in America, and even they agree that the De Vere / Weir family is the senior line. I have no flase pretentions, just an interest in the dragon line.